: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
374
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line
272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line
88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line
272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line
88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line
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Gestalt
26 September 2010 11:31
Piecia
Podejście Gestalt w psychologii stworzył Fritz Perls. Jest to humanistyczna szkoła psychoterapii, u której źródła znajduje się wiele podejść i filozoficznych koncepcji, w tym m.in.: klasyczna psychoanaliza, psychologia postaci, fenomenologia, holizm, buddyzm zen czy psychodrama.
Podstawowe zasady rozumienia człowieka w podejściu Gestalt to m.in.:
* samoświadomość: ludzie mają zdolność do uświadamiania sobie swoich emocji, myśli, doznań cielesnych i spostrzeżeń, aby wprowadzić zmiany w sobie i w swoim życiu należy rozwinąć w sobie swobodę wyboru nowych sposobów odczuwania, myślenia i działania. Taka zmiana jest możliwa tylko, jeśli uświadomimy sobie nasz aktualny stan myślenia i odczuwania.
* całościowość: osoba jest całością, którą stanowią: ciało, emocje, myśli, doznania cielesne i spostrzeżenia.
* odpowiedzialność: ludzie są proaktywni i sami wyznaczają swoje reakcje na otaczający świat, przez co biorą odpowiedzialność za to, jacy są.
* zaspokajanie potrzeb
* wartość człowieka:terapeuta nie ocenia klienta, ale potwierdza jego odkrycia dotyczące jego samego i wspiera jego samorealizację.
* tu i teraz: „Tu” — miejsce, w którym się aktualnie zajmujemy, „teraz” — teraźniejszość. Zarówno przeszłość jak i przyszłość jest tylko odtwarzana lub wyobrażana w chwili obecnej i tym zajmuje się terapeuta.
* figura i tło: w kontakcie ze środowiskiem zmieniamy ostrość spostrzegania: pewne przedmioty zaczynają się wyodrębniać, inne pozostają w tle.
* domykanie całości: niedokończenie doświadczenie czy postać ciągle zaprzątają uwagę i uniemożliwiają pełne przeżywanie teraźniejszości.
* samoregulacja: naturalna tendencja ludzi do utrzymywania stanu równowagi.
Perls jako psychoterapeuta wskazywał mechanizmy funkcjonowania człowieka neurotycznego, który nie identyfikuje się z tym, czego doświadcza — nie tylko odrzuca pewne aspekty swojej psychiki, ale też nie identyfikuje się ze swoim ciałem. Perls uznał, że relacje ze środowiskiem są nawiązywane przez system sensoryczny i motoryczny, więc interesowało go spostrzeganie, odczuwanie oraz działanie. Wybór działania zgodnego z doświadczanymi pobudzeniem umożliwiają emocje. Działanie zostaje zablokowane, jeżeli zablokowane jest odczuwanie lub wyrażanie emocji, co jest źródłem napięcia emocjonalnego.
Kluczowa w procesie odczuwania i działania jest świadomość własnych doznań, która zapewnia rozpoznanie potrzeby. Metafora Gestalt (niem. postać, figura) opisuje znaczenie świadomości. Doznania, których w danym momencie jesteśmy świadomi, tworzą zorganizowaną całość — figurę wyłonioną z tła poprzez świadomą uwagę. Każda rozpoczęta sytuacja wymaga „domknięcia” poprzez działanie realizujące potrzebę. Jeżeli przerywamy świadome doświadczenie (np. na skutek negatywnej emocji) figura nie może zostać domknięta, a niedokończona sytuacja oddziałuje nadal powodując utrzymanie się pobudzenia i napięcia. Natomiast kontakt z negatywną emocją powoduje samoregulację organizmu i zmianę sytuacji.
W tym kontekście funkcjonowanie neurotyczne jest procesem odrzucania własnego Ja poprzez unikanie kontaktu z własnym doświadczeniem. Proces ten dzieje się kolejno na różnych poziomach nazywanych przez Perlsa warstwami:
* działania fałszywe: osoba neurotyczna chce żyć zgodnie z jakimś pojęciem o sobie, nie dokonuje samorealizacji, ogrywa w role i gra w gry. Odczuwamy, że nic nie jest takie, jak powinno, a my nie zachowujemy się tak, jak „powinniśmy” zgodnie z wymaganiami społecznymi i sumienia, a więc podejmujemy role. Próby bycia autentycznym kończą się odczuwaniem nieprzyjemności, bólu, rozpaczy, z czego wynika kolejna warstwa…
* warstwa lęku/oporu/sprzeciwu: obawa przed byciem autentycznym, która prowadzi do kolejnego poziomu…
* impas: martwota, uczucie uprzedmiotowienia. Pojawia się, gdy nie używamy własnych możliwości rozwiązania sytuacji a pomoc zewnątrz nie przychodzi. Samo uświadomienie sobie impasu rozwiązuje go.
* warstwa implozyjna: prowadzi do odczucia autentycznego Ja. Uczucie bycia martwym, zniknięcia. Zawiera się tu niewykorzystana energia niezbędna do życia, która zostaje skierowana do wewnątrz, zahamowane emocje.
* eksplozja/wybuch: wybuch energii nagromadzonej w warstwie implozyjnej w postaci radości, rozpaczy, orgazmu lub gniewu. Pojawia się w terapii po przejściu implozji i oznacza wyrażenie emocji.
Celem terapii Gestalt jest pomoc w odkryciu autentycznych pragnień, emocji i potrzeb pacjenta, pomoc w budowie własnego, autonomicznego systemu wartości i stworzenie warunków do integracji osobowości. Zalecenia terapii Gestalt można zamknąć w następujących punktach (Naranjo 1974):
* Żyj teraz — zajmuj się teraźniejszością, a nie przeszłością lub przyszłością
* Żyj tutaj — dawaj sobie radę z tym, co obecne, a nie z tym, czego nie ma
* Przestań sobie coś wyobrażać — doświadczaj tego, co realne.
* Powstrzymaj niepotrzebne myślenie. Raczej smakuj i spostrzegaj
* Wyrażaj zamiast manipulować, wyjaśniać, oceniać czy osądzać.
* Poddawaj się nieprzyjemności i bólowi dokładnie tak samo jak przyjemności, nie ograniczaj swojej świadomości.
* Nie akceptuj żadnego innego „muszę” i „powinienem” niż twoje własne.
* Weź pełną odpowiedzialność za swoje czyny uczucia i myśli.
* Poddaj się byciu takim, jakim jesteś.
Drat-Ruszczak K. (2000) Teorie osobowości — podejście psychodynamiczne i humanistyczne. W: Strealu J. (red) Psychologia. Podręcznik akademicki T.II, Gdańsk GWP.
Perls F. (1981) Cztery wykłady. W: Jankowski K. (red) Psychologia w działaniu. Czytelnik.
Sills Ch., Fish S., Lapworth Ph. (1999) Pomoc psychologiczna w ujęciu Gestalt. Warszawa, Wydawnictwo Instytutu Psychologii Zdrowia.
Last updated on 26 September 2010 14:29
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