: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::load() should not be called statically in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/loader.php on line
161
Strict Standards: Non-static method JLoader::register() should not be called statically in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/loader.php on line
138
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFactory::getSession() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/application.php on line
374
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line
272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line
88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line
272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line
88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line
97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line
577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line 272
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::_load() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 88
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getBool() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/application/module/helper.php on line 97
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::getVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 217
Strict Standards: Non-static method JRequest::_cleanVar() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 151
Strict Standards: Non-static method JFilterInput::getInstance() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in /var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/environment/request.php on line 577
Strict Standards: Non-static method JModuleHelper::getModules() should not be called statically, assuming $this from incompatible context in
/var/www/clients/client1/web1/web/libraries/joomla/document/html/html.php on line
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mechanizm nałogowej regulacji emocji
26 September 2010 11:32
Piecia
Jeden z trzech mechanizmów uzależnienia (obok mechanizmu rozpraszania i rozdwajania "Ja" oraz mechanizmu iluzji i zaprzeczania) w psycho-bio-społecznym modelu uzależnienia od alkoholu. Długotrwałe i intensywne picie alkoholu powoduje poważne uszkodzenia życia emocjonalnego i doprowadza do wytworzenia się specyficznego systemu regulacji psychicznej w tej sferze. Dynamika procesów emocjonalnych osoby uzależnionej ukierunkowana jest na inicjowanie i potęgowanie pragnienia alkoholu. Oznacza to, że różnorodne stany i reakcje emocjonalne, niezależnie od ich rzeczywistych źródeł, bardzo często są doświadczane przez osobę uzależnioną jako pragnienie alkoholu. Najważniejszą rolę spełnia dążenie do szybkiego złagodzenia lub uśmierzenia przykrych stanów emocjonalnych przy pomocy alkoholu.
Niski poziom odporności na cierpienie, osłabianej przez biochemiczne skutki nadużywania alkoholu, powoduje że do przykrych stanów emocjonalnych takich jak niepokój, rozdrażnienie czy przygnębienie dołącza się poczucie "bolesności" co nasila dążenie do szybkiego ich uśmierzenia przy pomocy alkoholu.
W chwilach nasilania się cierpienia i lęku zaczyna się rozwijać proces panicznego poszukiwania ulgi, który nadaje pragnieniu alkoholu charakter wewnętrznego przymusu i konieczności picia. Dynamizowana lękiem i cierpieniem ucieczka do alkoholu z nadzieją na uśmierzenie i uspokojenie jest często doświadczana jako tzw. głód alkoholu a największym zagrożeniem staje się wtedy perspektywa utraty dostępu do alkoholu.
Dodatkowym źródłem stresu może być również obniżona tolerancja na monotonię określana również jako zwiększone zapotrzebowanie na stymulację. Oznacza to nasiloną potrzebę wzbudzania szybkich i bezpośrednich zmian w stanie emocjonalnym. Osoba uzależniona ma gotowość do osiągania tego przy pomocy alkoholu gdyż ogarnia ją przykry niepokój nawet wtedy gdy jej sytuacja życiowa się uspokaja i stabilizuje. Podwyższona potrzeba stymulacji i zmiany własnych stanów psychicznych u części osób uzależnionych wynika z indywidualnych cech temperamentu a u wszystkich intensywne picie przyczynia się do nasilenia tej cechy na skutek biochemicznych zmian pod wpływem alkoholu.
Część minionych doświadczeń osoby uzależnionej związanych z piciem alkoholu ukształtowała przyjemne oczekiwania związane z pozytywnymi skutkami alkoholu. Tworzy to pokusę ponownego przeżycia takich stanów i wzmaga dążenie do uśmierzenia przykrych przeżyć. Tak więc siła pragnienia alkoholu pochodzi zarówno z dążenia do uśmierzenia przykrych stanów związanych z niepokojem i z cierpieniem jak i z pokusy na osiągnięcie przyjemności bezpośrednio po uwolnieniu się od przykrości.
Przeżywanie przez osobę uzależnioną przykrych stanów emocjonalnych nabiera specyficznej dwoistości. Przykry stan emocjonalny jest z jednej strony negatywnym sygnałem, który powinien wzbudzać odruch awersyjny, czyli tendencję do unikania źródła przykrości, z drugiej strony jest równocześnie sygnałem zapowiadającym chwilę przyjemności po uśmierzeniu przykrości. Ponieważ u osoby uzależnionej nastąpiło poważne zredukowania wielu naturalnych źródeł przyjemnych stanów, uśmierzanie przykrości jest głównym sposobem uzyskiwanie przyjemnych doświadczeń.
Oba aspekty pragnienia alkoholu u osoby uzależnionej wpływają w istotny sposób na zniekształcenia poznawcze. Dążenie do złagodzenia przykrości zawęża świadomość i koncentruje ją wokół alkoholu jako podstawowego środka uśmierzającego oraz neutralizuje sygnały utrudniające dostęp do alkoholu. Pokusa i nadzieja na szybką przyjemność sprzyja tworzeniu pozytywnych złudzeń.
Działanie tego mechanizmu wyjaśnia przede wszystkim pojawianie się tzw. przymusowych pragnień alkoholowych, a w szczególności ogromną siłę ich działania. Wskazuje również na niezwykle istotne zjawisko rozluźnienia, a często nawet zerwania związków emocjonalnych z realną rzeczywistością, co wpływa na poważne osłabienie możliwości zewnętrznego wpływu najbliższych osób na funkcjonowanie alkoholika. Z tej perspektywy możemy również lepiej zrozumieć emocjonalne źródła zaburzeń w funkcjonowaniu poznawczym osoby uzależnionej.
zobacz również: psycho-bio-społeczny model uzależnienia
Oprac. prof. dr hab. Jerzy Mellibruda
Last updated on 26 September 2010 15:52
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